“….Data on research and development (R&D) investments for health provide an indicator of current research priorities, trends, overlaps and gaps. As health is dynamic, it is vital to regularly track these investments to make sure they are used in more efficient, effective and equitable ways.
The Global Forum for Health Research is the only organization that regularly tracks and reports on the world’s R&D investments for health. This 2007 collection of studies looks behind the global totals, analysing R&D for health expenditures in Argentina, China, Mexico and the United States. It also looks at investments in the research of cancer and 20 historically high-burden infectious diseases.
The rich tapestry of evidence provided reveals key conclusions:
• Investments in research for a range of globally important diseases and conditions remain inadequate – especially with respect to health problems in low- and middle-income countries.
• Matching investments with research priorities is of paramount importance for many poor countries affected by the double burden of both noncommunicable and communicable diseases.
• Large investors in high-income countries and governments in low- and middle-income countries pay insufficient attention to local, national and global priority needs when allocating resources…..”
Content:
Chapter 1 Public funding of health research in Argentina
Daniel Maceira and Martín Peralta Alcat
Chapter 2 Financial flows for health research and development in Mexico: an analysis of the National Institutes of Health
Ricardo Pérez-Núñez, Francisco Becerra-Posada, Manuel Magaña-Lisa M DeMaria, Álvaro Javier Idrovo and Stefano Bertozzi
Chapter 3 Assessment of the health research system in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
Jie Chen and Li Du
Chapter 4 US investment in research to improve health Mary Woolley, Emily T Connelly and Stacie M Propst
Chapter 5 Using bibliometrics to inform cancer research policy and spending
Richard Sullivan, Seth Eckhouse and Grant Lewison for the European Cancer Research Managers Forum
Chapter 6 Donor funding priorities for communicable disease control in the developing world
Jeremy Shiffman
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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics; Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues. [Knowledge Management and Communications DD/KMC Area]
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“The poor die young. Data from every part of the world show that, whether comparing richer and poorer populations within or between countries, those that are least well off have shorter life expectancies and heavier burdens of disease than those that are relatively wealthy. While the highest attainable standard of health has been declared a human right, this health inequity reflects a collective neglect at national and global levels – neglect of diseases, of health systems and ultimately of people….”
“….Three areas of failure can be highlighted that represent different dimensions of the problem – failures of science (where basic knowledge or tools are lacking), failures of the market (where economic incentives for the production of needed medicines are lacking), and public health failures (where systems and programmes to implement available interventions are lacking)….” From Stephen Matlin, Executive Director, Global Forum for Health Research
“…..Over the last few years, partnerships between public and private sector organizations have become an increasingly common mechanism to address some of the diseases of the poor in developing countries.
The ultimate goal of most of these partnerships is to improve and increase access to treatment, particularly for ‘neglected diseases’. Many also express the goal of contributing to the alleviation of poverty through improved health.
The need for such partnerships can be explained by a failure of public health systems – the inability of the public sector to provide public goods entirely on its own, due to lack of resources; competing priorities for the limited resources available; management issues; conflict and post-conflict situations; etc. There is also a failure on the part of the private sector when there is little or no commercial incentive for the development of diagnostics and medicines for most of the diseases endemic in developing countries and affecting mainly the very poor…”
Contents
Foreword Stephen Matlin
Focusing collaborative efforts on research and innovation for the health of the poor
The PDP approach
The new landscape of product development partnerships (PDPs)
Stefanie Meredith and Elizabeth Ziemba
Public–private partnerships in health systems - Sania Nishtar
Issues in assessing product development partnerships (PDPs) - Lakshmi Sundaram
Technological and social innovation: a unifying new paradigm for global health
Charles A Gardner, Tara Acharya and Derek Yach
Product development partnerships: public–private partnerships among unequal partners?
Anna Wang
Research and development
Facing the dual challenge of developing both products and research capacities for neglected diseases
Piero L Olliaro and Stephen C Wayling
The portfolio approach to successful product development in global health - David Brown
The role of the health system in biotechnology in Brazil and Cuba - Halla Thorsteinsdóttir
Sustainable (vaccine) development: the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) and capacity building
Joanna Chataway and Rebecca Hanlin
Beyond market failures: IAVI and the organizational challenges of vaccine development
Luigi Orsenigo, Stefano Brusoni and Eugenia Cacciatori
Clinical trials
Clinical trial site capacity for malaria product development
Mary Moran, Javier Guzman, Anne-Laure Ropars, Margaret Jorgensen, Sarah Potter, Alina McDonald and Hiwot Haile-Selassie
Issues surrounding the implementation of multiple product development partnership clinical trials in developing countries
Gita Ramjee
Collaborative approach to clinical trials - Charles S Mgone and Pascoal Mocumbi
Running clinical trials in partnership with communities - Anjali Gopalan
Bringing products to market
Getting diagnostics into countries - Vinand M Nantulya
The control of neglected tropical diseases using access to available medicines through public–private partnerships
Alan Fenwick, Peter J Hotez and David H Molyneux
The story of ASAQ: the first antimalarial product development partnership success
Bernard Pécoul, Ann-Marie Sevcsik, John Amuasi, Graciela Diap and Jean-René Kiechel
Managing intellectual property for global health outcomes: the example of product development partnerships
Robert Eiss
Regulatory strategies of product development partnerships: some perspectives
Chris Hentschel, Jörg Möhrle and Jaya Banerji
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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics; Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues. [Knowledge Management and Communications DD/KMC Area]
“Materials provided in this electronic list are provided "as is". Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings and interpretations included in the Materials are those of the authors and not necessarily of The Pan American Health Organization PAHO/WHO or its country members”. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PAHO/WHO Website: http://www.paho.org/ Equity List - Archives - Join/remove: http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html
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We expect this congress to exceedattendance at previous International Epidemiology Associationworld meetings by about 5-fold. A large epidemiology followingin Latin America reflects a sense of solidarity among epidemiologistsin the region, a willingness to participate and a thirst forknowledge. Perhaps, most importantly, in Latin American countriesepidemiology is seen more as an applied discipline with socialand political motivations than in most other countries. Thelinks between epidemiology and public health are strong, vastlyincreasing the numbers attending our scientific meetings.
Our guest editors, Cesar Victora and Laura Rodrigues, have donean excellent job of commissioning commentaries and selectingexcellent scientific papers from a flood of manuscripts in responseto the call for papers. Selection of papers is always difficultand I hope readers enjoy the choices made and join me in thankingour guest editors for all the hard work involved.
Reviewing the scientific papers published in this themed issuedemonstrates major interests in topics that would not be considered‘mainstream’ epidemiology: household expenditureon health care,1 evaluation of household food security scale,2morbidity and mortality in relation to health care indicators,3health services for tuberculosis,4 health insurance and cervicalcancer screening,5 impact of sanitation intervention6 and evaluationof access to PAP smears in Peru,7 for example. A continued senseof relevance, of socially pioneering work that has the abilityto change the health of populations and the lives of individualsis clearly seen. Long may it continue!...”
Editorial
Cesar G Victora and Laura C Rodrigues
Latin American epidemiology Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 692-693; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn140 [Extract][Full Text][PDF]
“….Most of Latin America is made up by middle income countries with marked socio-economic inequalities, and therefore includes both highly educated, wealthy populations and populations living in stark deprivation. After emerging from a period of instability and military rule, the region is now characterized by democratically elected governments, high levels of industrialization and a population that is 75% urban and includes four of the world's largest metropoles (Mexico City, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires). There is an active research environment in some Latin American countries, with important contributions to epidemiology—over 2000 epidemiological papers a year in Medline, corresponding to roughly 2% of the output on the subject…”
Content:
Howard Waitzkin, Celia Iriart, Holly Shipp Buchanan, Francisco Mercado, Jonathan Tregear, and Jonathan Eldredge
The Latin American Social Medicine Database: a resource for epidemiology Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 724-728; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn148 [Extract][Full Text][PDF]
“….Latin American social medicine (LASM) has become a widely respected and influential field of research, teaching and clinical practice, yet its accomplishments remain little known in the English-speaking and -reading world.1–3 Important publications have not been translated from Spanish and Portuguese into English, and the majority of LASM journals are not indexed in MEDLINE or similar bibliographic databases….”
The LASM database provides Spanish, Portuguese and English structuredabstracts summarizing classic and contemporary works in LASM.A website offers access to the abstracts in a searchable format.The LASM literature available through these resources providesimportant information about the social, economic and culturaldeterminants of health, and the organized responses to confrontthe problems. Website: http://hsc.unm.edu/lasm/
Francisco I Bastos, Carlos Cáceres, Jane Galvão, Maria Amélia Veras, and Euclides Ayres Castilho
AIDS in Latin America: assessing the current status of the epidemic and the ongoing response Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 729-737; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn127 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Célia Landmann Szwarcwald
Strategies for improving the monitoring of vital events in Brazil Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 738-744; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn130 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Jaime Breilh
Latin American critical (‘Social’) epidemiology: new settings for an old dream Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 745-750; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn135 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Roberto Briceño-León, Andrés Villaveces, and Alberto Concha-Eastman
Understanding the uneven distribution of the incidence of homicide in Latin America Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 751-757; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn153 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Original Articles
Out-of-pocket health expenditure in a population covered by the Family Health Program in Brazil IJE Advance Access published on April 13, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 758-765; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn063 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Gender of respondent does not affect the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Household Food Security Scale IJE Advance Access published on May 22, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 766-774; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn084 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Morbidity and mortality in Brazilian municipalities: a multilevel study of the association between socioeconomic and healthcare indicators IJE Advance Access published on May 24, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 775-783; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn088 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa, Clareci da Silva Cardoso, and Fernando Augusto Proietti
Commentary: Governance: does it matter in shaping health in urban settings? How in-depth can we go? Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 784-785; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn138 [Extract][Full Text][PDF]
Demographic, health services and socio-economic factors associated with pulmonary tuberculosis mortality in Los Altos Region of Chiapas, Mexico IJE Advance Access published on May 29, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 786-795; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn089 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Vulnerability to heat-related mortality in Latin America: a case-crossover study in São Paulo, Brazil, Santiago, Chile and Mexico City, Mexico IJE Advance Access published on May 29, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 796-804; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn094 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF][Supplementary Data]
A hierarchical model for studying risk factors for childhood diarrhoea: a case–control study in a middle-income country IJE Advance Access published on May 31, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 805-815; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn093 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting IJE Advance Access published on June 20, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 816-830; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn099 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Impact of a city-wide sanitation intervention in a large urban centre on social, environmental and behavioural determinants of childhood diarrhoea: analysis of two cohort studies Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 831-840; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn101 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Smoking increases the risk of relapse after successful tuberculosis treatment IJE Advance Access published on June 13, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 841-851; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn113 [Abstract][FREE Full Text][PDF] OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE
Multilevel analysis of hepatitis A infection in children and adolescents: a household survey in the Northeast and Central-west regions of Brazil Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 852-861; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn114 [Abstract][FREE Full Text][PDF] OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE
Who is getting Pap smears in urban Peru? Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 862-869; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn118 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Health insurance and cervical cancer screening among older women in Latin American and Caribbean cities IJE Advance Access published on May 29, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 870-878; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn096 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Risk factors across the life course and dementia in a Brazilian population: results from the Sao Paulo Ageing & Health Study (SPAH) IJE Advance Access published on June 26, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 879-890; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn125 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Association of perinatal factors and obesity in 6- to 8-year-old Chilean children Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 902-910; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn133 [Abstract][Full Text][PDF]
Ricardo E Gürtler, Liléia Diotaiuti, and Uriel Kitron
Commentary: Chagas disease: 100 years since discovery and lessons for the future Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 698-701; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn134 [Extract][Full Text][PDF][Request Permissions]
Cesar G Victora, Pedro C Hallal, Cora LP Araújo, Ana MB Menezes, Jonathan CK Wells, and Fernando C Barros
Cohort Profile: The 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study IJE Advance Access published on September 10, 2007 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 704-709; doi:10.1093/ije/dym177 [Extract][Full Text][PDF][Request Permissions]
Ricardo Jose Reis, Poliana de Freitas La Rocca, Lucca Basile, Albert Navarro, and Miguel Martín
Cohort Profile: The Hospital das Clínicas Cohort Study, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil IJE Advance Access published on January 31, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 710-715; doi:10.1093/ije/dym272 [Extract][Full Text][PDF][Request Permissions]
Aryeh D Stein, Paul Melgar, John Hoddinott, and Reynaldo Martorell
Cohort Profile: The Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) Nutrition Trial Cohort Study IJE Advance Access published on February 19, 2008 Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37: 716-720; doi:10.1093/ije/dyn028 [Extract][Full Text][PDF]
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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics; Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues. [Knowledge Management and Communications DD/KMC Area]
“Materials provided in this electronic list are provided "as is". Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings and interpretations included in the Materials are those of the authors and not necessarily of The Pan American Health Organization PAHO/WHO or its country members”. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ PAHO/WHO Website: http://www.paho.org/ Equity List - Archives - Join/remove: http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html
IMPORTANT: This transmission is for use by the intended recipient and it may contain privileged, proprietary or confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient or a person responsible for delivering this transmission to the intended recipient, you may not disclose, copy or distribute this transmission or take any action in reliance on it. If you received this transmission in error, please notify us immediately by email to infosec@paho.org, and please dispose of and delete this transmission. Thank you.
