Health Systems in Transition
Kozo Tatara, Open
Etsuji Okamoto, Department of Management Sciences, National Institute of Public Health
Sara Allin, European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
Ryozo Matsuda,
The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
- World Health Organization Regional Office for
Available online PDF [179p.] at: http://www.euro.who.int/Document/E92927.pdf
“…….Japan’s health system provides universal coverage of the population through health insurance system for employees and their families (60% of the population) and National Health Insurance (NHI) system for the self-employed, retired and unemployed (40%). Annual expenditure is around 8% of gross domestic product (GDP) according to OECD estimates, and the main funding mechanisms are health insurance (50% of total spending), taxation (36%) and out-of-pocket payments (14%).
Population health in
“……Japan’s annual health care spending is estimated to be 32.1 trillion yen in 2005, or 259 300 yen per capita (approximately US$2600), accounting for 6.6% of gross domestic product (GDP) according to national estimates and 8% from estimates of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), which include private payments. The three major methods of fi nancing are health insurance (49.2% of total health spending), provided by more than 3500 separate insurance funds, general taxation (36.4%) and out-of-pocket payments (14.4%).
Japan’s statutory health insurance system is administered by a multitude of insurers: the government (from October 2008, a quasi-governmental body, the Japan Health Insurance Association) for employees of small to medium-sized fi rms and their dependants, 1584 Society-managed Health Insurance funds for employees of large fi rms and their dependants, 76 Mutual Aid Society (MAS) funds for government employees and dependants, 1835 municipal National Health Insurance funds for the self-employed, retired and unemployed, and 166 National Health Insurance Society funds for some occupational groups such as doctors and lawyers, each with different premium contribution rates.
The contribution rate of Government-managed Health Insurance is 8.2% of monthly gross salary equally shared between employers and employees….”
Content
Executive summary
1. Introduction
1.1 Geography and sociodemography
1.2 Economic context
1.3 Political context
1.4 Health status
2. Organizational structure
2.1 Overview of the health system
2.2 Historical background
2.3 Organizational overview
2.4 Decentralization and centralization
2.5 Patient empowerment
3. Financing
3.1 Health expenditure
3.2 Population coverage and basis for entitlement
3.3 Sources of funds
3.4 Pooling of funds
3.5 Purchasing and purchaser–provider relations
3.6 Payment mechanisms
4. Regulation and planning
4.1 Regulation
4.2 Planning and health information management
5. Physical and human resources
5.1 Physical resources
5.2 Human resources
6. Provision of services
6.1 Public health
6.2 Patient pathways
6.3 Primary/ambulatory care
6.4 Inpatient care
6.5 Health care for the elderly
6.6 Emergency care
6.7 Pharmaceutical care
6.8 Long-term care
6.9 Mental health care
6.10 Dental care
6.11 Complementary and alternative medicines
6.12 Health care for specific populations
7. Principal health care reforms
7.1 Analysis of recent reforms
7.2 Future developments
8. Assessment of the health system
8.1 Objectives of the health system
8.2 Distribution of costs and benefits across the population
8.3 Efficiency of resource allocation
8.4 Technical efficiency
8.5 Quality of care
8.6 Contribution of the health system to health improvement
9. Conclusions
10. Appendices
10.1 References
10.2 Principal legislation
10.3 Useful web sites
10.4 HiT methodology and production process
10.5 The review process
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