Wednesday, March 10, 2010

[EQ] The Biology of Disadvantage: Socioeconomic Status and Health

The Biology of Disadvantage: Socioeconomic Status and Health


Nancy E. Adler  and Judith Stewart
University of California, San Francisco, California

Annals of the New York Academy of Science Volume 1186, February 2010

Website:  http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123291860/issue

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 1186 Issue The Biology of Disadvantage: Socioeconomic Status and Health

 

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“….How does socioeconomic status "get into the body" to affect health? A decade ago, when the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health began to answer this question, few studies directly tested the pathways and mechanisms that contribute to the gradient relationship between socioeconomic staus and health.

The scientific research presented here captures where the field stands after 10 years of intense research by the MacArthur Network and others into the mechanisms of health disparities. In addition, it illustrates the power of a multidisciplinary approach to complex social issues. Finally, it presents potential applications of the accumulated knowledge for social interventions and raises pragmatic issues that are important to consider when science is translated into policy and intervention….”

 

Preface to The Biology of Disadvantage: Socioeconomic Status and Health (p 1-4)
Nancy E. Adler, Judith Stewart
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05385.x

Abstract  |   PDF (Size: 67K)

Original Articles

Health disparities across the lifespan: Meaning, methods, and mechanisms (p 5-23)
Nancy E. Adler, Judith Stewart
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05337.x

Abstract  PDF (Size: 349K)

“…..Over the past two decades, exponential growth of empirical research has fueled markedly increased concern about health disparities. In this paper, we show the progression of research on socioeconomic status (SES) and health through several eras. The first era reflected an implicit threshold model of the association of poverty and health.
The second era produced evidence for a graded association between SES and health where each improvement in education, income, occupation, or wealth is associated with better health outcomes.
Moving from description of the association to exploration of pathways, the third era focused on mechanisms linking SES and health, whereas the fourth era expanded on mechanisms to consider multilevel influences, and a fifth era added a focus on interactions among factors, not just their main effects or contributions as mediators. Questions from earlier eras remain active areas of research, while later eras add depth and complexity…..”

 

Socioeconomic gradients in health in international and historical context (p 24-36)
William H. Dow, David H. Rehkopf
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05384.x

Abstract    PDF (Size: 381K)

Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health (p 37-55)
Sheldon Cohen, Denise Janicki-Deverts, Edith Chen, Karen A. Matthews
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05334.x

Abstract  |  PDF (Size: 378K)

Money, schooling, and health: Mechanisms and causal evidence (p 56-68)
Ichiro Kawachi, Nancy E. Adler, William H. Dow
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05340.x

Abstract  |   PDF (Size: 221K)

Race, socioeconomic status, and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities (p 69-101)
David R. Williams, Selina A. Mohammed, Jacinta Leavell, Chiquita Collins
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x

Abstract    PDF (Size: 350K)

Work and its role in shaping the social gradient in health (p 102-124)
Jane E. Clougherty, Kerry Souza, Mark R. Cullen
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05338.x

Abstract  |   PDF (Size: 497K)

Neighborhoods and health (p 125-145)
Ana V. Diez Roux, Christina Mair
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x

Abstract  |    PDF (Size: 321K)

Are psychosocial factors mediators of socioeconomic status and health connections? : A progress report and blueprint for the future (p 146-173)
Karen A. Matthews, Linda C. Gallo, Shelley E. Taylor
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05332.x

Abstract  |   PDF (Size: 315K)

Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status–health gradient (p 174-189)
Gary W. Evans, Pilyoung Kim
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05336.x

Abstract  |  References | Full Text:   HTML,   PDF (Size: 256K)

Central role of the brain in stress and adaptation: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease (p 190-222)
Bruce S. McEwen, Peter J. Gianaros
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05331.x

Abstract  |   PDF (Size: 654K)

Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load (p 223-239)
Teresa Seeman, Elissa Epel, Tara Gruenewald, Arun Karlamangla, Bruce S. McEwen
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05341.x

Abstract  |  PDF (Size: 327K)

Evaluating the evidence base: Policies and interventions to address socioeconomic status gradients in healtha (p 240-251)
William H. Dow, Robert F. Schoeni, Nancy E. Adler, Judith Stewart
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05386.x

Abstract  |    PDF (Size: 204K)

Using team science to address health disparities: MacArthur network as case example (p 252-260)
Nancy E. Adler, Judith Stewart
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05335.x

Abstract    PDF (Size: 119K)

 *      *     *
This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic
health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics;
Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues.  [DD/ KMC Area]

“Materials provided in this electronic list are provided "as is". Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings
and interpretations included in the Materials are those of the authors and not necessarily of The Pan American
Health Organization PAHO/WHO or its country members”.
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[EQ] World Drug Report 2009

World Drug Report 2009


United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna

Available online PDF [314P.] at: http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2009/WDR2009_eng_web.pdf

“……The year 2008 saw some encouraging reductions in the production of cocaine and heroin. In cooperation with the affected states, UNODC conducts annual crop surveys in the countries that produce the vast bulk of these drugs. These surveys show a reduction in opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan of 19% and a reduction in coca cultivation in Colombia of 18%. Trends in other production countries are mixed, but are not large enough to offset the declines in these two major producers.


Last year’s World Drug Report reviewed 100 years of drug control efforts, documenting the development of one of the first international cooperative ventures designed to deal with a global challenge. This pioneering work brought together nations with very different political and cultural perspectives to agree on a topic of considerable sensitivity: the issue of substance abuse and addiction.

Despite wars, economic crises, and other cataclysmic events of state, the global drug control movement has chugged steadily forward, culminating in a framework of agreements and joint interventions with few precedents or peers in international law.

Today, a number of substances are prohibited in the domestic legislation of almost every country. As discussed below, this unanimity has created a bulwark shielding millions from the effects of drug abuse and addiction. In the past, many of these substances were legally produced and, in some cases, aggressively marketed, to devastating effect. The collective nations of the world have agreed that this state of affairs was unacceptable, and have created an international control system that allows crops such as opium poppy to be produced for medical use, with very little diversion to the illicit market….”

Content:

Introduction

Executive Summary

Special features: Improving the quality of drug data

Trends in drug use among young people: what do we know?

1. TRENDS IN WORLD DRUG MARKETS
    Summary trend overview - Production - Trafficking - Consumption

1.1 Opium / heroin market

1.2 Coca / cocaine market

1.3 Cannabis market

1.4 Amphetamine-type stimulants market


2. CONFRONTING UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES: DRUG CONTROL AND THE CRIMINAL BLACK MARKET

2.1 Why illicit drugs must remain illicit

2.2 Move beyond reactive law enforcement

2.3 Create flow-specific drug strategies

2.4 Strengthen international resistance to drug markets

2.5 Take the crime out of drug markets

 

3. STATISTICAL ANNEX

3.1 Production

3.1.1 Afghanistan

3.1.2 Bolivia

3.1.3 Colombia

3.1.4 Lao PDR

3.1.5 Myanmar

3.1.6 Peru

3.2 Seizures 2

3.3 Seizures of illicit laboratories

3.4 Prices

3.4.1 Opiates: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels

3.4.2 Cocaine: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels

3.4.3 Cannabis: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels

3.4.4 Amphetamine-type stimulants: Wholesale, street prices and purity levels

3.5 Consumption

3.5.1 Annual prevalence

3.5.1.1 Opiates

3.5.1.2 Cocaine

3.5.1.3 Cannabis

3.5.1.4 Amphetamine-type stimulants (excluding ecstasy)

3.5.1.5 Ecstasy

3.5.2. Treatment demand

3.5.2.1 Primary drugs of abuse among persons treated for drug problems in Africa

3.5.2.2 Primary drugs of abuse among persons treated for drug problems in America

3.5.2.3 Primary drugs of abuse among persons treated for drug problems in Asia

3.5.2.4 Primary drugs of abuse among persons treated for drug problems in Europe

3.5.2.5 Primary drugs of abuse among persons treated for drug problems in Oceania

3.6 Youth and school surveys

3.6.1 Heroin

3.6.2 Cocaine

3.6.3 Cannabis

3.6.4 Amphetamine-type stimulants (excluding ecstasy)

3.6.5 Ecstasy

3.7 Drug-related crime

4. METHODOLOGY

 

 *      *     *
This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic
health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics;
Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues.  [DD/ KMC Area]

“Materials provided in this electronic list are provided "as is". Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings
and interpretations included in the Materials are those of the authors and not necessarily of The Pan American
Health Organization PAHO/WHO or its country members”.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PAHO/WHO Website

Equity List - Archives - Join/remove: http://listserv.paho.org/Archives/equidad.html
Twitter http://twitter.com/eqpaho

 

    IMPORTANT: This transmission is for use by the intended recipient and it may contain privileged, proprietary or confidential information. If you are not the intended recipient or a person responsible for delivering this transmission to the intended recipient, you may not disclose, copy or distribute this transmission or take any action in reliance on it. If you received this transmission in error, please notify us immediately by email to infosec@paho.org, and please dispose of and delete this transmission. Thank you.