Friday, September 17, 2010

[EQ] Increased educational attainment and its effect on child mortality in 175 countries between 1970 and 2009: a systematic analysis

Increased educational attainment and its effect on child mortality in 175 countries between 1970 and 2009:
a systematic analysis

Emmanuela Gakidou, Krycia Cowling, Rafael Lozano, Christopher JL Murray
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA


The Lancet, Volume 376, Issue 9745, Pages 959 - 974, 18 September 2010

Website: http://bit.ly/bfINy4

"….In addition to the inherent importance of education and its essential role in economic growth, education and health are strongly related. We updated previous systematic assessments of educational attainment, and estimated the contribution of improvements in women's education to reductions in child mortality in the past 40 years.

Methods

We compiled 915 censuses and nationally representative surveys, and estimated mean number of years of education by age and sex. By use of a first-differences model, we investigated the association between child mortality and women's educational attainment, controlling for income per person and HIV seroprevalence. We then computed counterfactual estimates of child mortality for every country year between 1970 and 2009.

Findings

The global mean number of years of education increased from 4·7 years (95% uncertainty interval 4·4—5·1) to 8·3 years (8·0—8·6) for men (aged ≥25 years) and from 3·5 years (3·2—3·9) to 7·1 years (6·7 −7·5) for women (aged ≥25 years). For women of reproductive age (15—44 years) in developing countries, the years of schooling increased from 2·2 years (2·0—2·4) to 7·2 years (6·8—7·6). By 2009, in 87 countries, women (aged 25—34 years) had higher educational attainment than had men (aged 25—34 years). Of 8·2 million fewer deaths in children younger than 5 years between 1970 and 2009, we estimated that 4·2 million (51·2%) could be attributed to increased educational attainment in women of reproductive age.

Interpretation

The substantial increase in education, especially of women, and the reversal of the gender gap have important implications not only for health but also for the status and roles of women in society. The continued increase in educational attainment even in some of the poorest countries suggests that rapid progress in terms of Millennium Development Goal 4 might be possible.

Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation…."



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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic
health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics;
Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues.  [DD/ KMC Area]

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[EQ] Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009

Census Bureau Releases Report – September 2010:

Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009

DeNavas-Walt, Carmen, Bernadette D. Proctor, and Jessica C. Smith

U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-238

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2010.


Available online PDF [88p.] at http://bit.ly/bv3dOx

           

“…..This report presents data on income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States based on information collected in the 2010 and earlier Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplements (CPS ASEC) conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau.

Summary of findings:

• The median household income in 2009 was not statistically different from the 2008 median in real terms.1

• The poverty rate increased between 2008 and 2009.

• The uninsured rate and number of people without health insurance increased between 2008 and 2009.

  These results were not uniform across  groups. ….”


Reports and Data Tables

 

·         News Release | Spanish

·         Current Population Survey (CPS):
      Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2009 [PDF]
      Income data
      Poverty data
      Health Insurance data

Presentations

·         Stan Rolark (Introduction)   Biography

·         David Johnson (Data presentation)
       Remarks [doc] | Slides [pdf] | Slides with Plot Points [pdf]

Fact Sheets

·         Income and Poverty Fact Sheet [PDF]

·         Health Insurance Fact Sheet [PDF]

Other

·         Census Bureau Blog Entry: Income, Poverty and Health Insurance

 

 

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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic
health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics;
Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues.  [DD/ KMC Area]

“Materials provided in this electronic list are provided "as is". Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings
and interpretations included in the Materials are those of the authors and not necessarily of The Pan American
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[EQ] Equity as a shared vision for health and development

Equity as a shared vision for health and development

The Lancet, Volume 376, Issue 9745, Page 929, 18 September 2010
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61431-6

Website: http://bit.ly/8XbHjk

“……In 2000, 189 countries signed up to the UN Millennium Declaration—a global commitment to halve extreme poverty and achieve equitable and sustainable development for all. The agreement led to the creation of a historic framework centred around eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), designed to tackle poverty, education, gender, health, environment, and global partnerships—all to be met by 2015.

 

On September 20—22, world leaders will gather in New York to attend the UN MDG review summit, to renew commitments and determine how to accelerate progress in the coming years. Overall, progress is uneven, with some regions, especially in the poorer countries, lagging woefully behind. Clearly, it cannot be business as usual in the next 5 years if the promises made a decade ago are to be met.

 

This week's Lancet publishes the results of a Commission jointly supported by The Lancet and the London International Development Centre (LIDC). The Millenium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015 uses a cross-cutting analysis to examine the origins of the goals and targets, their strengths and weaknesses, and the challenges of implementing them. …..”

 

The MDG decade: looking back and conditional optimism for 2015

Jeffrey Sachs: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61440-7/fulltext

The Millennium Development Goals: a cross-sectoral analysis and principles for goal setting after 2015

Jeff Waage, Rukmini Banerji, Oona Campbell, Ephraim Chirwa, Guy Collender, Veerle Dieltiens, Andrew Dorward, Peter Godfrey-Faussett, Piya Hanvoravongchai, Geeta Kingdon, Angela Little, Anne Mills, Kim Mulholland, Alwyn Mwinga, Amy North, Walaiporn Patcharanarumol, Colin Poulton, Viroj Tangcharoensathien, Elaine Unterhalter

Website: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)61196-8/fulltext

The Lancet, Volume 376, Issue 9745, Pages 991 - 1023, 18 September 2010

“…The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) represent an unprecedented global consensus about measures to reduce poverty.
The eight goals address targets to increase incomes; reduce hunger; achieve universal primary education; eliminate gender inequality; reduce maternal and child mortality; reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria; reverse the loss of natural resources and biodiversity; improve access to water, sanitation, and good housing; and establish effective global partnerships….”



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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic
health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics;
Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues.  [DD/ KMC Area]

“Materials provided in this electronic list are provided "as is". Unless expressly stated otherwise, the findings
and interpretations included in the Materials are those of the authors and not necessarily of The Pan American
Health Organization PAHO/WHO or its country members”.
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Thank you.