Friday, May 28, 2010

[EQ] Improving children's health and the environment

Improving children's health and the environment:
Examples from the WHO European Region

Leda Nemer, Christian Schweizer, Kathrin von Hoff and Ana Isabel Fernandes Guerreiro

WHO European Region  - 2009, vi + 93 pages ISBN 978 92 890 4185 0

Available at: http://bit.ly/bROIOJ

 

“…..The Children’s Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe identified the environmental risk factors affecting children’s health in 2004. Thirty-three case studies document countries’ experiences in implementing measures to address them since then.


These case studies describe initiatives from across the WHO European Region, focusing on the process of implementing each action, including the challenges and lessons learned. Two risk factors stand out: injuries and indoor air pollution. The sectors most often involved were health and education and the private sector. The predominant outcomes were an increase in knowledge, followed by a reduction of exposure to the risk factor and a change in behaviour. Most of the initiatives took place in educational settings.

 

By enabling countries to share their experiences, these descriptions serve as examples for further implementation of national children’s environment and health action plans…..”

 

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[EQ] NEW Online Learning Module - Introduction to Evidence-Informed Decision Making

NEW Online Learning Module
Introduction to Evidence-Informed Decision Making

National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools NCCMT, 2010

Available online at: http://bit.ly/cJqMXf

“…..NCCMT offers interactive workshops where participants practice finding and applying the best available research evidence in program planning and revision. Of course, budget and time constraints in public health today mean that not everyone who wants to attend a workshop in person can do so.

A self-paced online learning module on Evidence-Informed Decision Making in Public Health (the first of several) gives in-depth training on how to implement EIPH using a realistic scenario as a model.

 

Evidence-Informed Public Health

“….The process of distilling and disseminating the best available evidence, whether from research or from actual practice, and using that evidence to inform and improve public health practice and policy.

Put simply, it means finding, using and sharing what works in public health….”

 

 

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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic
health differentials; Gender; Violence; Poverty; Health Economics; Health Legislation; Ethnicity; Ethics;
Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues.  [DD/ KMC Area]

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Thursday, May 27, 2010

[EQ] Using Evidence to Design Benefits

Research Insights:

Using Evidence to Design Benefits


National Health Policy Conference (NHPC) in Washington, D.C. in February 2010, AcademyHealth

Available online at: http://bit.ly/b7uYPD

“…………Whether evidence-based research fuels the broad reforms in health care delivery that are essential to improving quality and reining in health care costs will depend not only on the strength of research efforts but also on the development of effective strategies to integrate evidence into decisions about how people use health care.

 

Evidence-based purchasing programs rely on a broad variety of benefit design strategies, including strategies for determining “essential” or “core” benefits. They can provide ways to link insurance design to provider performance, e.g., adherence to evidence-based practice. Evidence-based benefit designs create incentives—in the form of either financial incentives or enhanced services—that drive consumer behavior.

 

The goal is to encourage people to use services that are effective and provide clinical benefit for the money spent. As the application of evidence-based designs advances, payers and policymakers will face trade-offs between the specificity of benefit structures and administrative efficiency. “Getting it right” can be technically difficult and expensive as well as politically problematic.

 

Evidence to-date suggests the need for research to address concerns related to establishing expectations about the standards for evidence in support of decisions about what insurance should pay for, determining how to expand the use of evidence to broader categories of health benefits, and developing a better understanding of how different types of incentives work with different populations…………”

 

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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
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[EQ] Call for Expression of Interest: Case studies on Intersectoral Action on Health in urban settings

Call for Expression of Interest: 
Case studies on Intersectoral Action on Health in urban settings

WHO Kobe Centre - Centre for Health Development

Website:  http://bit.ly/bo6sAN 


Deadline: 25 June 2010

“            WHO Centre for Health Development in Kobe, Japan (also known as the WHO Kobe Centre - WKC), is calling for expressions of interest from institutions and individual researchers on preparing case studies on policies or interventions that have involved several sectors of government and society and have impacted - or aimed to impact on -health; particularly, but not restricted, to health equity and noncommunicable diseases through diet, physical activity, and other elements. 

 

WHO Kobe Centre is interested in both proposals to prepare case studies and ongoing or completed case studies, in order to derive lessons for policy-makers on how to promote intersectoral action on health and health in all policies to have an effective impact on health, particularly noncommunicable diseases in urban settings. Both national and city experiences are welcome.

 

The Centre is willing to support 3-6 case studies. Funding of each will depend on the nature of the research proposed, its duration, and the budget justification; up to US$ 6000 is available for each case.

 

We are also interested in identifying already-developed case studies, as well as non fund-seeking initiatives whose dissemination and analysis can contribute to deriving lessons for policy-makers. It is envisaged that the case studies will be published and disseminated by WHO Kobe Centre.

 

Objectives

*         To identify opportunities and mechanisms for intersectoral action, particularly between health, agriculture, urban planning, industry, and commerce, that impact on NCDs through diet and physical activity within a strategy of Health in All Policies.

 

*         To identify how to best use Health Impact Assessment to trigger public policies with the involvement of several sectors that lead to healthy diets and increased opportunities for physical activity for the whole population.  Proposals addressing other issues in urban settings will also be considered.

 

*         To identify how existing laws, policies and other policy instruments that address nutrition as a human right contribute to effective implementation of intersectoral policies for healthy diets.

 

*         To derive lessons for national and sub-national policy-makers from different sectors on effective Health in All Policies approaches for impacting on diet and physical activity to prevent NCDs, particularly taking advantage of Health Impact Assessment and the human

rights framework.

 

Scope

The range of the policies or interventions for consideration include actions taken at either the national or sub-national level of government, such as the municipal arena.

 

The initiatives do not necessarily have to have been from the health sector, and they should correspond to actions carried out no earlier than the year 2000. 

 

The initiative should show how different sectoral interests were aligned and how operations were made systematic and integrated into the regular functioning of the bureaucracies and implementing institutions.

 

The areas of interventions should cover the intersection of the health sector and one or more of the following sectors: environment, transportation, agriculture, commerce, urban planning and industry. Other sectors will also be considered. We are interested in analyzing both "successes" and "failures".

 

Submission of expressions of interest

Research institutions or individual researchers may present an expression of interest via e-mail to isa@wkc.who.int

Questions should be directed to the same address. More details at http://www.who.or.jp/

Expressions of Interest (EoI) are due Friday, 25 June 2010 and should be no longer than 1500 words.

 

 The following information is required for an Expressions of Interest EoI:

 

1. The policy or intervention: An overview of the specific policy or intervention object of the case study, stating the relevance for noncommunicable disease, and for urban health if applicable. The sectors involved should be specified.

2. The empirical strategy to document the case. The methodological approach, sources of information, and data to be used in the research should be described.

3. Evidence of the impact of the policy. This can be empirical evidence.

4. General overview of expected lessons learnt.

5. Brief description of the research institution and/or individual researcher(s).

WHO Kobe Centre will contact only those people whose proposals are reviewed as feasible contributions to the priority research areas of the Centre; and it will not necessarily acknowledge the receipt of all proposals or explain its decisions.

 

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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
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Wednesday, May 26, 2010

[EQ] The role of urban municipal governments in reducing health inequities

The role of urban municipal governments in reducing health inequities:
A meta-narrative mapping analysis


Patricia A. Collins1, Michael V. Hayes1,2

1 Department of Health, Aging & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

2Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada


International Journal for Equity in Health 2010, 9:13 (25 May 2010)

Available online PDF [57p.] at: http://bit.ly/aX33DI

Abstract

“….The 1986 Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion coincided with a preponderance of research, worldwide, on the social determinants of health and health inequities. Despite the establishment of a `health inequities knowledge base`, the precise roles for municipal governments in reducing health inequities at the local level remain poorly defined. The objective of this study was to monitor thematic trends in this knowledge base over time, and to track scholarly prescriptions for municipal government intervention on local health inequities.

Methods:

Using meta-narrative mapping, four bodies of scholarly literature – ‘health promotion’, ‘Healthy Cities’, ‘population health’ and ‘urban health’ – that have made substantial contributions to the health inequities knowledge base were analyzed over the 1986-2006 timeframe. Article abstracts were retrieved from the four literature bodies using three electronic databases (PubMed, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science), and coded for bibliographic characteristics, article themes and determinants of health profiles, and prescriptions for municipal government interventions on health inequities.

Results:

1004 journal abstracts pertaining to health inequities were analyzed. The overall quantity of abstracts increased considerably over the 20 year timeframe, and emerged primarily from the ‘health promotion’ and ‘population health’ literatures. ‘Healthy lifestyles’ and ‘healthcare’ were the most commonly emphasized themes in the abstracts. Only 17% of the abstracts articulated prescriptions for municipal government interventions on local health inequities. Such interventions included public health campaigns, partnering with other governments and nongovernmental organizations for health interventions, and delivering effectively on existing responsibilities to improve health outcomes and reduce inequities. Abstracts originating from Europe, and from the ‘Healthy Cities’ and ‘urban health’ literatures, were most vocal regarding potential avenues for municipal government involvement on health inequities.

Conclusions:

This study has demonstrated a pervasiveness of ‘behavioural’ and ‘biomedical’ perspectives, and a lack of consideration afforded to the roles and responsibilities of municipal governments, among the health inequities scholarly community. Thus, despite considerable research activity over the past two decades, the ‘health inequities knowledge base’ inadequately reflects the complex aetiology of, and solutions to, population health inequities…..”

 


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[EQ] Social Protection in Latin America Achievements and Limitations

Social Protection in Latin America Achievements and Limitations

Francisco H.G. Ferreira

David Robalino

Policy Research Working Paper 5305 - May 2010

The World Bank - Latin America and the Caribbean Region

Office of the Chief Economist & Human Development Network

Social Protection and Labor Unit

Available online PDF [41p.] at http://bit.ly/a1r7To

“…..Social protection systems in Latin America have been transformed in the past two decades. Until the 1980s, those who were not covered by the social security arrangements available primarily in the urban formal sector received little public assistance beyond universal subsidies for some food or fuel purchases.

 

Since the 1990s, the introduction of non-contributory social insurance programs (including “social pensions”) and conditional cash transfers has substantially extended the coverage and improved the incidence of social assistance.

 

However, the organic growth of subsidized social assistance in parallel to the older social insurance system, financed largely out of taxes on formal sector employment, has led to a dual system that is neither properly equitable nor efficient.

 

The twin challenges that now face social protection in Latin America are to better integrate those two halves of the system, and to develop programs that promote sustainable self-reliance, by moving from “safety nets” to “opportunity ropes.”….”

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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic
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Tuesday, May 25, 2010

[EQ] Strong Ministries for Strong Health Systems

Strong Ministries for Strong Health Systems

Francis Omaswa, Executive Director The African Center for Global Health and Social Transformation (ACHEST)

Jo Ivey Boufford, President The New York Academy of Medicine
Support from The Rockefeller Foundation - January 2010


Available online PDF [32p.] at: http://bit.ly/bRzkGN


"……Strengthening health systems is a major priority of the Rockefeller Foundation. They support better health and financial protection for poor and vulnerable people through improved health systems performance and progressive adoption of universal health coverage.

While health systems have received worldwide attention, little has been done to strengthen ministries of health, the central institutions responsible for stewardship of health systems at the country level. This report addresses the gaps in our understanding of the roles ministries play, their needs and the challenges they face, so that we can take effective action to fortify them…."

Report Highlights

• "………….Strengthening health systems has emerged as a priority in global and national health policy and practice.

A health system is defined for the purposes of this report as consisting of four core elements: personal health care services, public or population health services, health research systems, and health in all policies. Effective health systems strengthening requires attention to all four of these elements.

Governments are stewards, or protectors, of the public interest and have the ultimate responsibility for assuring condi­tions that allow people to be as healthy as they can be. Ministries of health and the ministers who lead them must be able to perform a set of core stewardship functions within the ministry and across government. Stewardship is one of the central building blocks of an effective health system.

Health ministries must also work effectively with an increasing number of non-governmental partners who bring im­portant knowledge, expertise, and advocacy to help them meet their responsibilities (e.g. universities, professional associations, academies of medicine and science, business, civil society). Governance is the alignment of multiple actors and interests, such as these, to promote collective action towards an agreed upon goal, in this case, to assure the best use of resources for health.

Despite the central role ministers and ministries of health play in these processes, they are currently overlooked when investments are being made and initiatives are being designed to strengthen health systems.

Among the ministers and stakeholders interviewed, there was significant support for the specific proposals for an execu­tive leadership development program for new ministers, leadership support for sitting ministers, and the establishment of a virtual information resource center on health systems stewardship and governance.

There is a need to build awareness among politicians, policy makers, and the public, of the importance of stewardship and governance in strengthening health systems, and the critical role of ministers and ministries of health.

Based on data from minister and stakeholder interviews and supporting research and consultation activities, this report of­fers seven action items geared toward building a systematic and sustained program of support for health ministries. Recommendations and proposals provided address:

− Capacity assessment tools

− Leveraging existing management development resources

− Mapping country networks of expertise

− Regional networks to support health systems stewardship and governance

− A knowledge network for ministers of health

− Executive leadership development

− Advocacy for strengthening health ministries

Collective action on these proposals is needed to strengthen health ministries, enhance the leadership capabilities of ministers, and assure their full ability to serve as effective stewards of health resources in the drive to achieve national, regional, and global health objectives…."


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This message from the Pan American Health Organization, PAHO/WHO, is part of an effort to disseminate
information Related to: Equity; Health inequality; Socioeconomic inequality in health; Socioeconomic
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Information Technology - Virtual libraries; Research & Science issues.  [DD/ KMC Area]

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