Employment Conditions and Health Inequalities
Employment Conditions Knowledge Network (EMCONET) Final Report, 20 September 2007
World Health Organization - Commission on the Social Determinants of Health, 2007
Joan Benach, Carles Muntaner, Vilma Santana (Chairs)
Health Inequalities Research Group, Occupational Health Research Unit, Dept. Experimental Sciences and Health
Universitat Pompeu Fabra,
Social Equity and Health Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH)
Available online as PDf file [172p.] at: http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/articles/emconet_who_report.pdf
“……The aim of this Report is to provide a rigorous analysis on how employment relations affect different population groups, and how this knowledge may help identify and promote worldwide effective policies and institutional changes to reduce health inequalities derived from these employment relations.
Consequently, the report incorporates the political, cultural, and economic context to provide a comprehensive account of the current international situation of labour markets and types of employment conditions. How inequalities in health are understood and approached by any society is a political issue. They can be accepted as the inevitable result of individual differences in genetic determinants, individual behaviours, or market transactions, or they can be seen as an avoidable outcome that needs to be remedied. Inequalities in health derived from employment are closely linked to other kinds of social inequalities including inequalities in wealth, political participation, and education. Thus, through regulating employment relations, main political actors can not only redistribute resources affecting social stratification, but also have an impact on the life experiences of different social groups including opportunities for well-being, exposure to hazards leading to disease, and access to health care.
Although there is abundant literature on specific employment and working conditions and health, the literature rarely focuses directly on the important role played
by employment relations and conditions as a key social determinant in shaping health inequalities. This report is a contribution toward filling these gaps in knowledge, hoping that a better understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate the task of making wellinformed political decisions over such a crucial issue.
Employment relations, employment conditions and working conditions are different yet interrelated concepts. The first concept constitutes the relationship between an employer that hires workers who perform labour to sell a profitable good or service, and an employee who contributes with labour to the enterprise, usually in return for payment of wages. ….”
Table of Contents
Executive summary
1. Introduction
2. The process of knowledge generation
3. Outcomes and findings
3.1. Theoretical model
3.1.1. Macro structural framework
3.1.2. Micro framework
3.2. A historical perspective on labour markets
3.2.1. Developed countries
3.2.2. Developing/poor countries
3.3. Labour markets and welfare states: a country perspective
3.3.1. Country typology of employment relations
3.3.2. Selected country case studies
3.3.2.1.
3.3.2.2.
3.3.2.3.
3.3.2.4.
3.3.2.5.
3.3.2.6.
3.4. Employment relations and health: a descriptive view
3.5. Employment relations and health inequalities: pathways and mechanisms
3.6. Policies and interventions
4. Conclusions and recommendations
5. References
6. Appendices
6.1. Tables of typology of countries
6.2. Summary of representative scientific findings
6.3. Selected case studies
Report Writing Group, Marcelo Amable, Paula Ballell, Joan Benach, Antía Castedo, Haejoo Chung, Yucel Demiral, Gerry Eijkemans, Katherine Lippel, Carles Muntaner, Michael Quinlan, Javier Ramos, Vilma Santana, Atanu Sarkar, Orielle Solar
EMCONET Core Group, Francisco Armada, Joan Benach, Antía Castedo, Yucel Demiral, Chamberlain Diala, Magdalena Echevarría, Gerry Eijkemans, Sharon Friel, Anne Hammarström, Mary Haour-Knipe, Carles Muntaner, Shengli Niu, Marco A. Pérez, Michael Quinlan, Javier Ramos, Hernán Sandoval, Vilma Santana, Atanu Sarkar, Amit Sen Gupta, Meera Sethi, Orielle Solar, Walter Varillas, Laurent Vogel, Mariana Wagner
General Editor - Jacqueline Murray With Technical Assistance from Marcelo Amable, María Buxó, Alec Irwin, José Miguel Martínez, Vanessa Puig, Cecilia Schneider, Montserrat Vergara
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