[EQ] Wastewater Irrigation and Health

Wastewater Irrigation and Health
Assessing and Mitigating Risk in Low-income Countries

Edited by Pay Drechsel, Christopher A. Scott, Liqa Raschid-Sally, Mark Redwood, and Akiça Bahri
Earthscan/IDRC 2010 -  ISBN 978-1-84407-795-3 /e-ISBN 978-1-55250-475-8 - 432 pp.
The International Development Research Centre (IDRC)

Available full text online at: http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-149129-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

“……In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems have very low coverage or function poorly, resulting in large-scale water pollution and the use of poor-quality water for crop irrigation, especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can pose significant risks to public health, particularly where crops are eaten raw.

Wastewater Irrigation and Health approaches this serious problem from a practical and realistic perspective, addressing the issues of health risk assessment and reduction in developing country settings. The book therefore complements other books on the topic of wastewater which focus on high-end treatment options and the use of treated wastewater.

This book moves the debate forward by covering also the common reality of untreated wastewater, greywater and excreta use. It presents the state-of-the-art on quantitative risk assessment and low-cost options for health risk reduction, from treatment to on-farm and off-farm measures, in support of the multiple barrier approach of the 2006 guidelines for safe wastewater irrigation published by the World Health Organization.

The 38 authors and co-authors are international key experts in the field of wastewater irrigation representing a mix of agronomists, engineers, social scientists and public health experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and Australia.

The chapters highlight experiences across the developing world with reference to various case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, Mexico and the Middle East. The book also addresses options for resource recovery and wastewater governance, thus clearly establishes a connection between agriculture, health and sanitation, which is often the missing link in the current discussion on ‘making wastewater an asset’. ….”

Content

Foreword
Preface

PART 1. SETTING THE STAGE

1. Wastewater, Sludge and Excreta Use in Developing Countries: An Overview
Blanca Jiménez, Pay Drechsel, Doulaye Koné, Akiça Bahri, Liqa Raschid-Sally and Manzoor Qadir

2. Assessing and Mitigating Wastewater-Related Health Risks in Low-Income Countries: An Introduction
Robert Bos, Richard Carr and Bernard Keraita¹

PART 2. RISKS AND RISK ASSESSMENT

3. Risk Analysis and Epidemiology: The 2006 WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater in Agriculture
Duncan Mara and Robert Bos¹

4. Approaches to Evaluate and Develop Health Risk-Based Standards Using Available Data
Inés Navarro, Peter Teunis, Christine Moe and Blanca Jiménez

5. Tools for Risk Analysis: Updating the 2006 WHO Guidelines
Duncan Mara, Andrew J. Hamilton, Andrew Sleigh, Natalie Karavarsamis and Razak Seidu

6. Non-Pathogenic Trade-Offs of Wastewater Irrigation
Manzoor Qadir and Christopher A. Scott

7. Risk Analysis Integrating Livelihood and Economic Impacts of Wastewater Irrigation on Health
Marites M. Tiongco, Clare A. Narrod and Kelly Bidwell

PART 3. MINIMIZING HEALTH RISKS

8. Wastewater Treatment for Pathogen Removal and Nutrient Conservation: Suitable Systems for Use in Developing Countries
Blanca Jiménez, Duncan Mara, Richard Carr and François Brissaud¹

9. Low-Cost Options for Pathogen Reduction and Nutrient Recovery from Faecal Sludge
Doulaye Koné, Olufunke O. Cofie and Kara Nelson

10. Farm-Based Measures for Reducing Microbiological Health Risks for Consumers from Informal Wastewater-Irrigated Agriculture
Bernard Keraita, Flemming Konradsen and Pay Drechsel

11. Farm-Based Measures for Reducing Human and Environmental Health Risks from Chemical Constituents in Wastewater
Robert Simmons, Manzoor Qadir and Pay Drechsel

12. Applying the Multiple-Barrier Approach for Microbial Risk Reduction in the Post-Harvest Sector of Wastewater-Irrigated Vegetables
Sanja Ilic, Pay Drechsel, Philip Amoah and Jeffrey T. LeJeune

13. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Interventions for Diarrhoea Disease Reduction among Consumers of Wastewater
Irrigated Lettuce in Ghana – Razak Seidu and Pay Drechsel

PART 4. WASTEWATER GOVERNANCE AND ADOPTION OF RISK-REDUCTION OPTIONS
14. Challenging Conventional Approaches to Managing Wastewater Use in Agriculture
Frans Huibers, Mark Redwood and Liqa Raschid-Sally

15. Designing Reuse-Oriented Sanitation Infrastructure: The Design for Service Planning Approach
Ashley Murray and Chris Buckley

16. Facilitating the Adoption of Food-Safety Interventions in the Street-Food Sector and on Farms
Hanna Karg, Pay Drechsel, Philip Amoah and Regina Jeitler

17. Harnessing Farmers’ Knowledge and Perceptions for Health-Risk Reduction in Wastewater-Irrigated Agriculture
Bernard Keraita, Pay Drechsel, Razak Seidu, Priyanie Amerasinghe, Olufunke O. Cofie and Flemming Konradsen

18. Multi-Stakeholder Processes for Managing Wastewater Use in Agriculture
Alexandra E. V. Evans, Liqa Raschid-Sally and Olufunke O. Cofie

PART 5 — CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
19. Wastewater Irrigation and Health: Challenges and Outlook for Mitigating Risks in Low-Income Countries
Christopher A. Scott, Pay Drechsel, Liqa Raschid-Sally, Akiça Bahri, Duncan Mara, Mark Redwood and Blanca Jiménez

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