World Economic and Social Survey 2011
The Great Green Technological Transformation
United Nations,
E/2011/50/Rev. 1 - ST/ESA/333
Available online PDF [251p.] at: http://bit.ly/odzBVW
“………….The “green economy” —the concept that embodies the promise of a new development paradigm, whose application has the potential to ensure the preservation of the earth’s ecosystem along new economic growth pathways while contributing at the same time to poverty reduction.
There is no unique definition of the green economy, but, however imprecisely defined, there is broad agreement on the basic idea underpinning it, namely, that enhancing economic growth, social progress and environmental stewardship can be complementary strategic objectives and that the need for possible trade-offs among them en route to their realization can be overcome.
In this sense, the focus of the concept is fully consistent with that of the sustainable development concept eleborated by the United Nations, which perceives the economic, social and environmental dimensions as the three pillars of development and which stresses the importance of intergenerational equity in development, that is, ensuring that meeting the needs of the present generation does not compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs………”
Contents
Preface
I Introduction: why a green technological transformation is needed
The development challenge and the emerging environmental crisis
Unremitting increases in population and income
Lopsided distribution of population and income growth
Environmental impact of increased population and income
Sustainable development and the green economy paradigms
The need for a fundamental technological and structural transformation
Equitable growth within environmental boundaries
Economic growth is a precondition for poverty alleviation
Growth and environmental protection
Limits to growth in developed countries?
The great green technological transformation
What kind of technological revolution?
A technological revolution like no other
Societal transformations
The agenda
II The clean energy technological transformation
III Towards a truly green revolution for food security
IV Reducing human harm from natural hazards
Multidimensional impacts of natural disasters
Mapping disaster risks
Is climate change to blame?
Unequal impacts on livelihoods
Enhanced risk of “extreme” disruptions?
Approaches to disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation
Existing incremental approaches
The need for an integrated approach
Risk, uncertainty and catastrophes
The road to technological transformation
Harnessing local technologies
Institutional gaps
The scope of technological transformation
Existing technologies and knowledge systems
for adaptation and disaster prevention
Technology gaps to be bridged
Enabling sector-level disaster-resilient technological change
The energy challenge
Water and sanitation
Health
Coastal zones
Institutional change and capacity building
Financing and external transfers
The way forward
V National policies for green development
Market and systemic failures
Uncertainty, externalities and public goods-related problems
Systems of innovation
National innovation systems
Sector-specific green innovation systems
“Greening” national innovation systems
The innovation process
Basic research, development and demonstration (RD&D)
Market formation and diffusion
Coordination and networks
Cooperation among universities, research institutions and firms
Networks, clusters and science parks
International networks and technology transfer
Education, consumption and environmental behaviour
Innovative approaches to education
Labour market policies
Institutions, industrial policies and infrastructure
Regulation
Government procurement, subsidies and other incentives
Carbon instruments
Investment requirements and trade protection
Infrastructure and business environment
Government agencies
Financing
Private sector green funds
Venture capital
Microfinance institutions and microfinance
Foreign direct investment
Long-term institutional investors
Private and public sector risk-sharing
Policy implications
A framework for government decision-making
VI Building a global technology development and sharing regime
Two key global challenges
Global sustainable development commitments
Do stakeholders’ actions towards sustainable development add up?
Private-public sector roles in technology development and diffusion
Technology development and diffusion of industrialized
and developing countries must add up
Cooperative international scientific efforts need to be scaled up
Deficiencies of existing mechanisms
Private investment-dependent technological diffusion would be too slow
Inadequate investment rates due to volatile global markets and fiscal constraints
Inadequate financing for technological development and transfer
Restricted domestic policy space from international trade and investment regimes
Incoherence and weaknesses in international governance
Reforming multilateral trading rules and international finance
to accelerate green technology development and diffusion
Establishing an effective global technology development and diffusion regime
Orienting the intellectual property rights regime towards
stimulating innovation of green technologies
Multilateral trading rules should grant developing countries
greater flexibility in conducting industrial policies
Financing of green technology transfers necessitates
domestic and international financial reforms
Upgrading levels and capabilities of global governance
Bibliography
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